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It removes the oxide layer from existing surfaces so the solder sticks and flows better
It increases surface tension of the liquid solder so you get a nice round shape and no whiskers and less bridges
It helps distribute the heat a bit. It works a little bit like thermal paste, especially when the contact area between the tip and the pad/component is very small.
Generally, flux is your friend and soldering without flux is terrible.
Generally, flux is your friend and soldering without flux is terrible.